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MECHANISMS OF NUTRIENT UPTAKE In plants, nutrients are absorbed mainly by the roots and must get contact with root surface. However, the structural complexity of root epiblema is the main barrier for entry of nutrients into cortex.  Nutrients are not absorbed uniformly throughout roots as roots have three different regions viz. root hairy, elongation and meristematic zones, and radioactive studies showed that meristematic zone resulted in more nutrients uptake than others. Plants are also capable to absorb nutrients through aerial parts via stomata and cuticle. In order for mineral nutrients to be taken up by a plant, they must enter the root by crossing the plasma membranes of root cells. From there they can be transported through the symplast tothe interior of the root and eventually find their way into the rest of the plant.  Within the soil nutrient can move to the root surface both by bulk flow and by diffusion.  Mechanism of absorption Absorption of ions by plants r...

Crop :-  It is a group of plants grown as a community in a specific locality and, for a specific Purpose. Crop Physiology:- Crop physiology is the study of the ways in which plant physiological processes are integrated to cause whole plant responses in communities. The subject matter of crop   physiology includes the ways in which the knowledge of plant physiology is applied for   better management of crops . Plant physiology is a study of Vital phenomena in plant. It is the science concerned   with Processes and functions, the responses of plants to environment and the growth and   development that results from the responses.  Essentially the overall goal of plant physiology is to evolve a detailed and comprehensive knowledge of all the natural phenomena that occur in living plants and thus   to understand the nature of plant growth, development and productivity. Many aspects of practical agriculture can benefit from more intensive research in pl...

 INSECT DEFINITION : • Insect the word is derived from latin insectum meaning " cut into section " • insects are the largest group of invertebrate within the arthopoda phylum that have a chitinous exoskeleton a three part body ( head ,thorax and abdomen) three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes and one pair of antennae.  • They are among the most diverse groups of animals on the planet, including more than a million described species and representing more than half of all know living organism. Characters of Class: Insecta • Bilaterally symmetrical. • Body covered by chitinous exoskeleton which is periodically shed and renewed. • Body divisible into Head, Thorax and Abdomen. • One pair of antenna, two pairs of wings and three pairs of legs. • Appendages are paired and segmented. • Tubular alimentary canal. • Open circulatory system (body cavity is blood cavity called haemocoel). • Excretion is by tubes (Malpighian tubules)  • Respiration by trachea or gills. • Decentral...

1. Why Soil and water conservation:- Soil and water are two important natural resources and the basic needs for agricultural production. During the last century it has been observed that the pressure of increasing population has led to degradation of these natural resources. In other words increase in agricultural production to feed the increasing population is only possible if there sufficient fertile land and water are available for farming. In India, out of 328 million hectares of geographical area, 68 million hectares are critically degraded while 107 million hectares are severely eroded. That's why soil and water should be given first priority from the conservation point of view and appropriate methods should be used to ensure their sustainability and future availability. Fig. 1.1. Global soil degradation map. (Source: UNEP, International Soil Reference and Information Centre (ISRIC), World Atlas of Desertification, 1997) Water conservation is the use and management of water f...

∆    Asexual Reproduction In fungi asexual reproduction is a more common method than sexual reproduction. It is usually repeated several times in a season. It takes place by the formation of special reproductive cells called spores . The formation of spores in fungi is called sporulation . Each spore develops into a new mycelium. These spores are produced as a result of mitosis in the parent cell and hence they are also called mitospores . The spores vary in colour, shape and size, number, arrangement on hyphae and in the way in which they are borne. They may be hayline, green, yellow, orange, red, brown to black in colour and are minute to large in size. In shape they vary from globose to oval, oblong, needle-shaped to helical. Thus an infinite variety of spores can be observed in fungi and you will find them very fascinating under the microscope. Usually the spores are unicellular. They may be uninucleate or multinucleate. In some fungi like Alternaria and Curvularia they ...

 ∆ What is Plant Pathology? Plant pathology or phytopathology consists of three Greek words (1) "phyton" means 'Plant' (2) "pathos"= 'ailments' or disease and (3) "logos" means discourse or knowledge. The term plant pathology or phytopathology means knowledge of plant disease. Plant pathology is therefore regarded equally important as medical and veterinary. Plant pathology also called as phytopatology. It is a branch of biological, botanical or agricultural science which deals with the systematic study of economically important plant disease and their management. Systematic study include causes of plant disease, symptomatology, etiology, pathogenesis, mode of recurrence and their economic management. Figure : Smut in Sugarcane ∆ Objective of Plant Pathology :- The science of plant pathology has following major objectives:- 1. Comprises the study of living and non-living pathogens. 2. It include the study of interaction among the suspectabl...

 Reproduction in Fungi Reproduction Reproduction is the biological process by which new 'offspring' individual organisms are produced from their "parents". Reproduction is a fundamental feature of all known life; each  individual organism exists as the result of reproduction.  The known methods of reproduction are broadly grouped into two main types: sexual and asexual. Types of Fungul Reproduction Fungi also have 3 type of reproduction          1. Vegetative          2. Asexual          3. Sexual     1. Vegetative Reproduction   It is the type of reproduction which involves the somatic portion of the fungal thallus where new individuals are formed without the production of seeds or spores by meiosis or syngamy FIGURE : THE VEGETATIVE HYPHAE    Vegetative Reproduction takes place by following methods :-                  1. Fragm...

Introduction to Genetics   🧬 DNA Strains Genetics is a branch of biology concerned with the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms. In biology, a gene (from genos (Greek) meaning generation or birth or gender) is a basic unit of heredity and a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that encodes the synthesis of a gene product, either RNA or protein. Heredity , also called inheritance or biological inheritance, is the passing on of traits from parents to their offspring; either through asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction, the offspring cells or organisms acquire the genetic information of their parents. Pre and Post Mendelian Concepts of Heredity Pre-Mendelian Concept of Heredity 1. Preformation Theory 2. Theory of Epigensis 3. Theory of acquired characters 4. Theory of Pangenes Post-Mendelian Concept of Heredity 1. Incomplete dominance 2. Codominance 3. Multiple alleles 4. Linkage 5. Lethel genes 6. Polygenes • In Brief above concept CLICK HERE   Mende...

 Agriculture Economics Agricultural economics is an applied field of economics concerned with the application of economic theory in optimizing the production and distribution of food and fiber products. Agricultural economics began as a branch of economics that specifically dealt with land usage. It focused on maximizing the crop yield while maintaining a good soil ecosystem. Agricultural economics influences food policy, agricultural policy, and environmental policy. History :- Henry Charles Taylor was the greatest contributor in this period, with the establishment of the Department of Agricultural Economics at the University of Wisconsin in 1909. Since the 1970s, agricultural economics has primarily focused on seven main topics, according to Ford Runge: agricultural environment and resources; risk and uncertainty; food and consumer economics; prices and incomes; market structures; trade and development; and technical change and human capital. Careers :- Graduates from agricultur...

 Utility • Utility can be defined as wants satisfying power of a good. •Utility, in economics, refers to the usefulness or enjoyment a consumer can get from a service or good. •Economic utility can decline as the supply of a service or good increases. •Marginal utility is the utility gained by consuming an additional unit of a service or good. Types Of Utility :-  1. Form Utility 2. Place Utility   3. Time Utility 4 . Possession Utility 1. Form utility :- Changing the form of a good greater utility is created. It doesn't mean that before change of form good there was no utilities, it means the change in the form offers greater utilities to goods. Example :-  •Processing of paddy to rice. •Wheat to Flour. •Coffee beans to coffee powder. 2. Place Utility :- By virtue of its position in an area the commodity will have different utilities.  I.e. Spatial movement of goods from one place to another place.  Example - Apples are made available to different areas of...

Plant Biotechnology  DNA COMBINATION × The term ' biotechnology' composed of two Greek words, bios+technologia , in which bios means life and technologia means systematic treatment.  × Biotechnology is applied use of molecular   biology and recombinant DNA and Technology × It is the controlled use of biological agents, such as microorganisms (or) cellular components, for beneficial use.  × "Any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use". Biotechnology is the practice of using plants, animals and micro-organisms such as bacteria, as well as biological processes - such as the ripening of fruit or the bacteria that break down compost to some benefit to human.  × The term ' Biotechnology ' was coined by Karl Erkey in 1919.  × Biotechnology aims to improve genetic make up, phenotypic performance, and multiplication rates of economic plan...

'Seed' A seed is an embryonic plant enclosed in a protective outer covering. The formation of the seedis part of the proces of reproduction in seed plants, the spermatophytes, including the gymnosperm and angiosperm plants.  They are as follows: Dicotyledonous Seeds: Two embryonic leaves or cotyledons. Monocotyledonous Seeds : One embryonic leaves or cotyledons Structure of a Monocotyledonous Seed A Monocotyledonous seed, as the name suggests, has only one cotyledon. There is only one outer layering of the seed coat. A seed has the following parts: Seed Coat : In the seed of cereals such as maize, the seed coat is membranous and generally fused with the fruit wall, called Hull. Endosperm : The endosperm is bulky and stores food. Generally, monocotyledonous seeds are endospermic but some as in orchids are non-endospermic. Aleuron layer : The outer covering of endosperm separates the embryo by a proteinous layer called aleurone layer. Embryo: The embryo is small...